Introduction to human cerebral organoids, also known as brain organoids or "mini-brains", which are beginning to be used for biocomputing. What are they? Support the channel: Note: The first line of this video was removed, "Scientists are growing tiny brains", because it may be misleading. Organoids are not real brains, "tiny" or otherwise. The term "mini-brain" has been criticized for implying human characteristics. This channel strives for objectivity, clarity, and accuracy much of the time, so difficult editorial decisions must be made. Twitter: Chapters: 0:00 Intro 0:43 Growing Organoids 2:57 Minibrains in Science & Medicine 4:46 Giving Minibrains Psychedelics 5:26 Minibrains With Eyes 6:30 Can Minibrains Feel? 7:22 Looking For Consciousness 9:03 The Future of Minibrain Research 10:47 Human Minibrains Grafted Onto Mice 12:10 What's Next? Music Destiny Day by Kevin MacLeod YouTube Videos 3Blue1Brown: But what is a neural network? | Chapter 1, Deep Learning Sky News: The first lab-grown burger that could save the planet JUST Egg: Cultured Meat: A Vision of the Future Academic Articles Velasco et al., 2019, Nature: Individual brain organoids reproducibly form cell diversity of the human cerebral cortex Linkous & Fine, 2020, STAR Protocols: Generating Patient-Derived Gliomas within Cerebral Organoids Linkous et al., 2019, Cell Reports: Modeling Patient-Derived Glioblastoma with Cerebral Organoids Farahany et al., 2018, Nature: The ethics of experimenting with human brain tissue Di Lullo & Kriegstein, 2017, Nature Reviews Neuroscience: The use of brain organoids to investigate neural development and disease Aguilera-Castrejon et al., 2021, Nature: Ex utero mouse embryogenesis from pre-gastrulation to late organogenesis Gabriel et al., 2021, Cell Stem Cell: Human brain organoids assemble functionally integrated bilateral optic vesicles Trujillo et al., 2019, Cell Stem Cell: Complex Oscillatory Waves Emerging from Cortical Organoids Model Early Human Brain Network Development Cho et al., 2021, Nature Communications: Microfluidic device with brain extracellular matrix promotes structural and functional maturation of human brain organoids Lancaster & Knoblich, 2014, Nature Protocols: Generation of Cerebral Organoids from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Clevers, 2016, Cell: Modeling Development and Disease with Organoids van der Valk et al., 2021, Cell Death & Differentiation: Building inner ears: recent advances and future challenges for in vitro organoid systems Lancaster et al., 2013, Nature: Cerebral organoids model human brain development and microcephaly Quadrato et al., 2017, Nature: Cell diversity and network dynamics in photosensitive human brain organoids Armin & Pasca, 2018, Neuron: Building Models of Brain Disorders with Three-Dimensional Organoids Qian et al., 2018, Nature Protocols: Generation of human brain region-specific organoids using a miniaturized spinning bioreactor Dong et al., 2020, Molecular Psychiatry: Human cerebral organoids establish subcortical projections in the mouse brain after transplantation Samarasinghe et al., 2021, Nature Neuroscience: Identification of neural oscillations and epileptiform changes in human brain organoids Nature Biotechnology, 2021: Green funds for lab-made breast milk Most other papers can be found for free on PubMed using the citations in the video. For further information, I can be reached at ihmcurious@