80,000 Hours want to help you find a fulfilling career that makes a positive difference in the world: How a numerical table with 5,400 entries became the world's calculator for the next 350 years. _____ Join my (new) Patreon! Sign up for my (new) mailing list! Or, support me on Ko-Fi with a one-time donation: _____ Credits: Written, recorded, edited by Ben Syversen Illustrations: Kendall Eddy Character animation for introduction: Alex Zepherin Thanks to Mostafa Hasan for his last minute help with the layout and details of my thumbnails. Thanks to Emily Zhang and David Liu for additional help. Special thanks to Stephen Welch for sharing his Kepler resources with me. _____ @WelchLabsVideo's series on Kepler is amazing and does a far more thorough treatment of the math behind the story of Kepler’s discovery of Mars’s orbit than I do here. Take a look (his two videos on Burgi’s red and black numbers and Napier’s logarithms are also excellent): _____ More useful videos: _____ Recommended Reading: •Tycho & Kepler: The Unlikely Partnership that Forever Changed Our Understanding of the Heavens - Kitty Ferguson •Kepler - Max Caspar •The Daring Invention of Logarithm Tables: How Jost Burgi, John Napier, and Henry Briggs Simplified Arithmetic and Started the Computing Revolution - Klaus Truemper •John Napier: Life, Logarithms, and Legacy - Julian Havil Full list of sources and credits: _____ Chapters: 00:00 - Intro 00:42 - 1) Kepler and Tycho 05:08 - 2) Arithmetica Integra 07:12 - 3) Kepler and Tycho cont'd 12:10 - 4) Burgi 16:51 - 5) Napier 22:25 - 6) Kepler Reads Napier 24:35 - 7) Briggs 25:34 - 8) The Rudolphine Tables 26:41 - 9) The Age of the Logarithm Images are public domain via Wikimedia; music from Epidemic Sound This video was sponsored by 80,000 Hours. Correction: 09:56 This is a typo. It should read: *Astrology* is the "foolish little daughter" of respectable astronomy.