Why does energy disappear in General Relativity? 👉 Use code VERITASIUM to get 50% off your first monthly KiwiCo Crate! Try Snatoms! A molecular modelling kit I invented where the atoms snap together. Sign up to the Veritasium newsletter for weekly science updates - ▀▀▀ A huge thank you to Prof. Geraint Lewis, Prof. Melissa Franklin, Prof. David Kaiser, Elba Alonso-Monsalve, Richard Behiel, Prof. Leo Stein and Jakob Schwintenberg for their invaluable expertise and contributions to this video. Special thanks to Alessandro from ScienceClic for his help on animations and input on the script. Check out his excellent video on Noether’s theorem here: ▀▀▀ 0:00 What is symmetry? 4:25 Emmy Noether and Einstein 7:33 General Covariance 11:59 The Principle of Least Action 15:29 Noether’s First Theorem 18:24 The Continuity Equation 23:20 Escape from Germany 24:49 The Standard Model - Higgs and Quarks ▀▀▀ References: MathHistory Biography - Emmy Amalie Noether via - Bartlett, J. G. (2021). The Standard Cosmological Model and CMB Anisotropies. New . 43 (1999) 83-109 - Kimberling, C. (1982). Emmy Noether, Greatest Woman Mathematician. Mathematics Teacher, March 1982, Volume 84, Number 3, pp. 246–249. - Blunck, A., et al. (2016). Mathematik und Gender. Verlag Franzbecker - Evans, R. J. (1976). The Feminist movement in Germany, 1894-1933. Sage Publications - Without Emmy Noether, there would be a huge gap in mathematics and its understanding via - Dihedral group of order 6 via Wikipedia - Emmy Noether University of Erlangen via Wikipedia - Timeline of women in mathematics via Wikipedia - Elizaveta Litvinova via Wikipedia - Sofya Kovalevskaya via Wikipedia - Charlotte Scott via Wikipedia - Cornelia Fabri via Wikipedia - Emmy Noether, the renowned mathematician who taught 20 years of unpaid classes just because she was a woman via - Noether, E. (1908). Über die Bildung des Formensystems der ternären biquadratischen Form. Reimer - Noether, E. (1983). Invariante Variationsprobleme. -257,1918; -207,1971 - Noether, E. (2018). M. A. Tavel’s English translation of “Invariante Variationsprobleme”. arXiv - Byers, N. (1998). E. Noether’s Discovery of the Deep Connection Between Symmetries and Conservation Laws*. . A14 (1999) 99-104 - De Haro, S. (2021). Noether’s Theorems and Energy in General Relativity. Cambridge University Press, 2021 - Rowe, D. E. (2019). Emmy Noether on Energy Conservation in General Relativity. arXiv - Branding, K. (2005). A Note on General Relativity, Energy Conservation, and Noether’s Theorems. Springer - Additional References: ▀▀▀ Special thanks to our Patreon supporters: Adam Foreman, Albert Wenger, Alex Porter, Alexander Tamas, Anton Ragin, Autodidactic Studios, Balkrishna Heroor, Bertrand Serlet, Blake Byers, Bruce, Dave Kircher, David Johnston, David Tseng, Evgeny Skvortsov, Garrett Mueller, Gnare, gpoly, Greg Scopel, iRick, Jon Jamison, Juan Benet, Keith England, KeyWestr, Kyi, Lee Redden, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Matthias Wrobel, Meekay, meg noah, Michael Krugman, Orlando Bassotto, Paul Peijzel, Richard Sundvall, Sam Lutfi, TTST, Tj Steyn, Ubiquity Ventures, wolfee ▀▀▀ Directed by Matthew Davies Written by Matthew Davies, Casper Mebius, Derek Muller and Pablo Rovetto Edited by Trenton Oliver, Peter Nelson and Nick Lear Animated by Fabio Albertelli, Emma Wright, Andrew Neet, Alessandro Roussel and Ivy Tello Illustrations by Jakub Misiek, Cainejan Esperanza, Tommy Stevens, Maria Gusakovich and Emma Wright Additional research by Henry van Dyck, Gabe Strong and Darius Garewal Produced by Matthew Davies, Casper Mebius, Derek Muller, Zoe Heron, Rob Beasley Spence and Tori Brittain Thumbnail contributions by Jakub Misiek, Ren Hurley, Ben Powell and Peter Sheppard Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images and Pond5 Music from Epidemic Sound