In this Huberman Lab Essentials episode, I explore major depression, including its underlying biology and discuss science-based approaches to alleviate symptoms and improve mood. I describe the wide-ranging symptoms of depression and explain how key neurotransmitters, hormones, stress, genetics and inflammation contribute to its development and persistence. I also cover treatment options, from traditional classes of antidepressant medications to emerging therapies such as ketamine and psilocybin. Finally, I highlight lifestyle-based tools, including exercise, supplementation and dietary strategies that can help manage depressive symptoms and promote mental well-being. Episode show notes: Huberman Lab Essentials are short episodes focused on essential science and protocol takeaways from past full-length Huberman Lab episodes. Watch the full-length episode: Watch more Huberman Lab Essentials episodes: *Follow Huberman Lab* Instagram: Threads: @hubermanlab X: Facebook: TikTok: @hubermanlab LinkedIn: Website: Newsletter: *Timestamps* 00:00:00 Major Depression 00:01:10 Depression Symptoms 00:06:14 Pharmaceuticals for Depression, SSRIs; Norepinephrine, Dopamine & Serotonin 00:13:14 Thyroid Hormone, Cortisol, Stress & Depression, Menstrual Cycle, Genetics 00:16:23 Increase Norepinephrine, Tools: Deliberate Cold Exposure & Exercise 00:18:43 Chronic Inflammation & Depression, Tools: Omega-3s (EPA) & Exercise 00:23:52 Tool: Creatine Monohydrate Supplementation & Improving Depression 00:25:32 Novel Depression Therapies, Ketamine, Psilocybin 00:30:41 Ketogenic Diet & Refractory Depression, GABA 00:33:09 Recap & Key Takeaways Disclaimer & Disclosures: